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In Vitro |
Bahun et al., Food Chemistry, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131594 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) |
in vitro |
Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro main protease by plant polyphenols |
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In Silico and In Vitro study of plant polyphenols identifying quercetin, curcumin, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin gallate and resveratrol as SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors with IC50 between 11.8µM and 23.4µM. Real-time binding was analyzed.. |
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In Vitro
In Vitro
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| Bahun et al., Food Chemistry, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131594 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) |
| Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro main protease by plant polyphenols |
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In Silico and In Vitro study of plant polyphenols identifying quercetin, curcumin, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin gallate and resveratrol as SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors with IC50 between 11.8µM and 23.4µM. Real-time binding was analyzed with surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy.
Bahun et al., 11/14/2021, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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In Silico |
Şimşek et al., Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108038 (Peer Reviewed) |
In silico identification of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry inhibitors from selected natural antivirals |
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In SIlico study identifying quercetin derivatives as SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, ACE2, and neuropilin inhibitors. |
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In Silico
In Silico
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| Şimşek et al., Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108038 (Peer Reviewed) |
| In silico identification of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry inhibitors from selected natural antivirals |
In SIlico study identifying quercetin derivatives as SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, ACE2, and neuropilin inhibitors.
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Şimşek et al., 9/29/2021, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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Late |
Zupanets et al., Zaporozhye Med. J., doi:10.14739/2310-1210.2021.5.231714 (Peer Reviewed) |
no recov., ↓29.4%, p=0.50 |
Quercetin effectiveness in patients with COVID-19 associated pneumonia |
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RCT 200 patients in Ukraine, 99 treated with IV quercetin/polyvinylirolidone followed by oral quercetin/pectin, showing improved recovery with treatment. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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| Zupanets et al., Zaporozhye Med. J., doi:10.14739/2310-1210.2021.5.231714 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Quercetin effectiveness in patients with COVID-19 associated pneumonia |
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RCT 200 patients in Ukraine, 99 treated with IV quercetin/polyvinylirolidone followed by oral quercetin/pectin, showing improved recovery with treatment.
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risk of no recovery, 29.4% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.50, treatment 9 of 99 (9.1%), control 13 of 101 (12.9%).
recovery time, 18.2% lower, relative time 0.82, p = 0.03, treatment 99, control 101.
Zupanets et al., 9/1/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Ukraine, Europe, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
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PrEPPEP |
Margolin et al., Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, doi:10.1177/2515690X211026193 (Peer Reviewed) |
cases, ↓94.4%, p=0.003 |
20-Week Study of Clinical Outcomes of Over-the-Counter COVID-19 Prophylaxis and Treatment |
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Retrospective 113 outpatients, 53 (patient choice) treated with zinc, quercetin, vitamin C/D/E, l-lysine, and Quina, showing lower cases with treatment. Results are subject to selection bias and limited information on the groups is provid.. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| Margolin et al., Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, doi:10.1177/2515690X211026193 (Peer Reviewed) |
| 20-Week Study of Clinical Outcomes of Over-the-Counter COVID-19 Prophylaxis and Treatment |
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Retrospective 113 outpatients, 53 (patient choice) treated with zinc, quercetin, vitamin C/D/E, l-lysine, and Quina, showing lower cases with treatment. Results are subject to selection bias and limited information on the groups is provided. See [1].
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risk of case, 94.4% lower, RR 0.06, p = 0.003, treatment 0 of 53 (0.0%), control 9 of 60 (15.0%), relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
risk of COVID-19 or flu-like illness, 81.1% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.01, treatment 2 of 53 (3.8%), control 12 of 60 (20.0%).
Margolin et al., 7/6/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with zinc, vitamin C/D/E, l-lysine, and Quina) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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Early |
Di Pierro et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S318949 (Peer Reviewed) |
death, ↓66.7%, p=1.00 |
Potential Clinical Benefits of Quercetin in the Early Stage of COVID-19: Results of a Second, Pilot, Randomized, Controlled and Open-Label Clinical Trial |
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RCT 42 outpatients in Pakistan, 21 treated with quercetin phytosome, showing faster viral clearance and lower symptom severity with treatment. |
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Early treatment study
Early treatment study
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| Di Pierro et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S318949 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Potential Clinical Benefits of Quercetin in the Early Stage of COVID-19: Results of a Second, Pilot, Randomized, Controlled and Open-Label Clinical Trial |
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RCT 42 outpatients in Pakistan, 21 treated with quercetin phytosome, showing faster viral clearance and lower symptom severity with treatment.
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risk of death, 66.7% lower, RR 0.33, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 21 (0.0%), control 1 of 21 (4.8%), relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
risk of ICU admission, 66.7% lower, RR 0.33, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 21 (0.0%), control 1 of 21 (4.8%), relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
risk of hospitalization, 66.7% lower, RR 0.33, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 21 (0.0%), control 1 of 21 (4.8%), relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
risk of no virological cure, 73.7% lower, RR 0.26, p < 0.001, treatment 5 of 21 (23.8%), control 19 of 21 (90.5%), day 7.
risk of no virological cure, 88.9% lower, RR 0.11, p = 0.11, treatment 0 of 21 (0.0%), control 4 of 21 (19.0%), relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, day 14.
Di Pierro et al., 6/24/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Pakistan, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
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Early |
Di Pierro et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S318720 (Peer Reviewed) |
death, ↓85.7%, p=0.25 |
Possible Therapeutic Effects of Adjuvant Quercetin Supplementation Against Early-Stage COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, and Open-Label Study |
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RCT 152 outpatients in Pakistan, 76 treated with quercetin phytosome, showing lower mortality, ICU admission, and hospitalization with treatment. |
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Early treatment study
Early treatment study
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| Di Pierro et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S318720 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Possible Therapeutic Effects of Adjuvant Quercetin Supplementation Against Early-Stage COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, and Open-Label Study |
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RCT 152 outpatients in Pakistan, 76 treated with quercetin phytosome, showing lower mortality, ICU admission, and hospitalization with treatment.
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risk of death, 85.7% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.25, treatment 0 of 76 (0.0%), control 3 of 76 (3.9%), relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
risk of ICU admission, 94.1% lower, RR 0.06, p = 0.006, treatment 0 of 76 (0.0%), control 8 of 76 (10.5%), relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
risk of hospitalization, 68.2% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.003, treatment 7 of 76 (9.2%), control 22 of 76 (28.9%).
Di Pierro et al., 6/8/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Pakistan, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 19 authors.
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Early |
Aguilar et al., Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.9734/jamps/2021/v23i330222 (Peer Reviewed) |
Oral Quercetin in Adult Patients as a Potential Nutraceutical against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
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Prospective study of 52 patients treated with quercetin. There was no control group. |
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Early treatment study
Early treatment study
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| Aguilar et al., Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.9734/jamps/2021/v23i330222 (Peer Reviewed) |
| Oral Quercetin in Adult Patients as a Potential Nutraceutical against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
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Prospective study of 52 patients treated with quercetin. There was no control group.
Aguilar et al., 4/8/2021, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
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Late |
Onal et al., Turk. J. Biol., 45:518-529 (preprint 1/19/2021) (Peer Reviewed) |
death, ↑29.3%, p=0.57 |
Treatment of COVID-19 patients with quercetin: a prospective, single center, randomized, controlled trial |
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RCT 447 moderate-to-severe hospitalized patients in Turkey, 52 treated with quercetin, bromelain, and vitamin C, showing no statistically significant difference in clinical outcomes. NCT04377789. |
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Late treatment study
Late treatment study
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| Onal et al., Turk. J. Biol., 45:518-529 (preprint 1/19/2021) (Peer Reviewed) |
| Treatment of COVID-19 patients with quercetin: a prospective, single center, randomized, controlled trial |
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RCT 447 moderate-to-severe hospitalized patients in Turkey, 52 treated with quercetin, bromelain, and vitamin C, showing no statistically significant difference in clinical outcomes. NCT04377789.
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risk of death, 29.3% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.57, treatment 1 of 49 (2.0%), control 6 of 380 (1.6%).
risk of ICU admission, 94.0% lower, RR 0.06, p = 0.39, treatment 0 of 49 (0.0%), control 14 of 380 (3.7%), relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
risk of no hospital discharge, 77.8% lower, RR 0.22, p = 0.10, treatment 1 of 49 (2.0%), control 35 of 380 (9.2%).
Onal et al., 1/19/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with bromelain and vitamin C) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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PrEPPEP |
Arslan et al., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3682517 (Preprint) |
cases, ↓91.7%, p=0.03 |
Synergistic Effect of Quercetin and Vitamin C Against COVID-19: Is a Possible Guard for Front Liners |
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Small prophylaxis RCT with 113 patients showing fewer cases with quercetin + vitamin C + bromelain prophylaxis. NCT04377789. Note that this paper disappeared from SSRN without explanation. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| Arslan et al., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3682517 (Preprint) |
| Synergistic Effect of Quercetin and Vitamin C Against COVID-19: Is a Possible Guard for Front Liners |
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Small prophylaxis RCT with 113 patients showing fewer cases with quercetin + vitamin C + bromelain prophylaxis. NCT04377789. Note that this paper disappeared from SSRN without explanation.
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risk of case, 91.7% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.03, treatment 1 of 71 (1.4%), control 9 of 42 (21.4%), adjusted.
Arslan et al., 11/16/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Turkey, Europe, preprint, 7 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with vitamin C and bromelain) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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Review |
Derosa et al., Phytotherapy Research, doi:10.1002/ptr.6887 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
review |
A role for quercetin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
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Review noting that quercetin has a theoretical, but significant, capability to interfere with SARS‐CoV‐2 replication, with results showing this to be the fifth best compound out of 18 candidates. |
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Review
Review
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| Derosa et al., Phytotherapy Research, doi:10.1002/ptr.6887 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
| A role for quercetin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
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Review noting that quercetin has a theoretical, but significant, capability to interfere with SARS‐CoV‐2 replication, with results showing this to be the fifth best compound out of 18 candidates.
Derosa et al., 10/9/2020, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.
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Review |
Biancatelli et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01451 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
review |
Quercetin and Vitamin C: An Experimental, Synergistic Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Related Disease (COVID-19) |
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Review of the evidence for the use of vitamin C and quercetin both for prophylaxis in high-risk populations and for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. |
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Review
Review
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| Biancatelli et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01451 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) |
| Quercetin and Vitamin C: An Experimental, Synergistic Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Related Disease (COVID-19) |
Review of the evidence for the use of vitamin C and quercetin both for prophylaxis in high-risk populations and for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Biancatelli et al., 6/19/2020, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.
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In Silico |
Sekiou et al., ChemRxiv, doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12181404.v1 (Preprint) |
In-Silico Identification of Potent Inhibitors of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) from Natural Products: Quercetin, Hispidulin, and Cirsimaritin Exhibited Better Potential Inhibition than Hydroxy-Chloroquine Against COVID-19 Main Protease Active Site and ACE2 |
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In silico study of natural compounds identifying quercetin, curcumin, hispidulin, cirsimaritin, sulfasalazine, and artemisin as potential compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2. |
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In Silico
In Silico
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| Sekiou et al., ChemRxiv, doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12181404.v1 (Preprint) |
| In-Silico Identification of Potent Inhibitors of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) from Natural Products: Quercetin, Hispidulin, and Cirsimaritin Exhibited Better Potential Inhibition than Hydroxy-Chloroquine Against COVID-19 Main Protease Active Site and ACE2 |
In silico study of natural compounds identifying quercetin, curcumin, hispidulin, cirsimaritin, sulfasalazine, and artemisin as potential compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2.
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Sekiou et al., 4/24/2020, preprint, 4 authors.
In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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